See monarh on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Monarch"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Monarch",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόναρχος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "munarhu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian munarhu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Monarch, ultimately from Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos). Compare Aromanian munarhu.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "monarhi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "monarh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "monarhi"
},
"expansion": "monarh m (plural monarhi)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "monarhilor",
"gpi": "monarhi",
"gsd": "monarhului",
"gsi": "monarh",
"n": "",
"npd": "monarhii",
"npi": "monarhi",
"nsd": "monarhul",
"nsi": "monarh",
"vp": "monarhilor",
"vs": "monarhule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ro",
"name": "Heads of state",
"orig": "ro:Heads of state",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ro",
"name": "Monarchy",
"orig": "ro:Monarchy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"monarch"
],
"id": "en-monarh-ro-noun-DyfVOp4J",
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "monarhie"
},
{
"word": "monarhic"
},
{
"word": "monarhist"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rege"
},
{
"word": "crai"
},
{
"word": "rigă"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "monarh"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "mònarh",
"tags": [
"animate",
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "мо̀нарх",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mȍnārhā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsima",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarše",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsima",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsima",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mònarh",
"2": "m-an"
},
"expansion": "mònarh m anim (Cyrillic spelling мо̀нарх)",
"name": "sh-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"mo",
"narh"
]
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "monàrhija"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "krȃlj"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "vlàdār"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "sh",
"name": "Heads of state",
"orig": "sh:Heads of state",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "sh",
"name": "Monarchy",
"orig": "sh:Monarchy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"monarch, sovereign"
],
"id": "en-monarh-sh-noun-LPS5gBra",
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
],
[
"sovereign",
"sovereign"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "sh",
"name": "Monarchy",
"orig": "sh:Monarchy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"monarch (butterfly)"
],
"id": "en-monarh-sh-noun-7cb4e-wB",
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mǒnarx/"
}
],
"word": "monarh"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόναρχος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "monȁrh",
"tags": [
"animate",
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Alt: Unknown tone or non-tonal",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hard o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "monárh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhoma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monárh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhih",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhih",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhoma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "monȁrh",
"2": "m-an"
},
"expansion": "monȁrh m anim",
"name": "sl-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "monárh",
"2": "monàrh"
},
"name": "sl-decl-noun-m"
}
],
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Slovene entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Slovene nouns with accent alternations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "sl",
"name": "Heads of state",
"orig": "sl:Heads of state",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "sl",
"name": "Monarchy",
"orig": "sl:Monarchy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"monarch"
],
"id": "en-monarh-sl-noun-DyfVOp4J",
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "monarhija"
},
{
"word": "kralj"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mɔnárx/"
}
],
"word": "monarh"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Monarch"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Monarch",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόναρχος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "munarhu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian munarhu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Monarch, ultimately from Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos). Compare Aromanian munarhu.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "monarhi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "monarh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "monarhilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "monarhi"
},
"expansion": "monarh m (plural monarhi)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "monarhilor",
"gpi": "monarhi",
"gsd": "monarhului",
"gsi": "monarh",
"n": "",
"npd": "monarhii",
"npi": "monarhi",
"nsd": "monarhul",
"nsi": "monarh",
"vp": "monarhilor",
"vs": "monarhule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "monarhie"
},
{
"word": "monarhic"
},
{
"word": "monarhist"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian countable nouns",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian masculine nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian terms borrowed from German",
"Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Romanian terms derived from German",
"ro:Heads of state",
"ro:Monarchy"
],
"glosses": [
"monarch"
],
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rege"
},
{
"word": "crai"
},
{
"word": "rigă"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "monarh"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Serbo-Croatian animate nouns",
"Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"Serbo-Croatian lemmas",
"Serbo-Croatian masculine animate nouns",
"Serbo-Croatian masculine nouns",
"Serbo-Croatian nouns",
"sh:Heads of state",
"sh:Monarchy"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "mònarh",
"tags": [
"animate",
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "мо̀нарх",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mȍnārhā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsima",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarše",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsima",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarhom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mònarsima",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mònarh",
"2": "m-an"
},
"expansion": "mònarh m anim (Cyrillic spelling мо̀нарх)",
"name": "sh-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"mo",
"narh"
]
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "monàrhija"
},
{
"word": "krȃlj"
},
{
"word": "vlàdār"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"monarch, sovereign"
],
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
],
[
"sovereign",
"sovereign"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"monarch (butterfly)"
],
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mǒnarx/"
}
],
"word": "monarh"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "μόναρχος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek μόναρχος (mónarkhos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "monȁrh",
"tags": [
"animate",
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Alt: Unknown tone or non-tonal",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hard o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "monárh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhoma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monárh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrha",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhih",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhih",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhoma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "monàrhi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "monȁrh",
"2": "m-an"
},
"expansion": "monȁrh m anim",
"name": "sl-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "monárh",
"2": "monàrh"
},
"name": "sl-decl-noun-m"
}
],
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "monarhija"
},
{
"word": "kralj"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for accents in Slovene noun entries",
"Requests for tone in Slovene entries",
"Slovene 2-syllable words",
"Slovene animate nouns",
"Slovene entries with incorrect language header",
"Slovene lemmas",
"Slovene masculine animate nouns",
"Slovene masculine hard o-stem nouns",
"Slovene masculine nouns",
"Slovene nouns",
"Slovene nouns with accent alternations",
"Slovene terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
"Slovene terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation",
"sl:Heads of state",
"sl:Monarchy"
],
"glosses": [
"monarch"
],
"links": [
[
"monarch",
"monarch"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mɔnárx/"
}
],
"word": "monarh"
}
Download raw JSONL data for monarh meaning in All languages combined (8.3kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for Alt: Unknown tone or non-tonal",
"path": [
"monarh"
],
"section": "Slovene",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "monarh",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"path": [
"monarh"
],
"section": "Slovene",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "monarh",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"path": [
"monarh"
],
"section": "Slovene",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "monarh",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-02-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.